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Agustín b. 27 Sep 1783, Valladolid (now Morelia, Michoacan) |
| Title: | Por la Divina Providencia y por el Congreso de la Nación, Primer Emperador Constitucional de México (By the Grace of God and the National Congress, First Constitutional Emperor of Mexico) [1] |
| Term: | 21 May 1822 - 29 Mar 1823 |
| Chronology: | 19 May 1822, acclaimed by the troops and residents of Mexico City [2] |
| 19 May 1822, appointment endorsed by voting, session of the Congreso Constituyente (Constituent Congress), Mexico City [3] | |
| 21 May 1822, decree on the appointment proclaimed, took the oath of office, session of the Congress, Mexico City [4] | |
| 21 Jul 1822, crowned, Catedral Metropolitana de México, Mexico City [5] | |
| 19 Mar 1823, abdication communicated to the Congress (formally submitted 20 Mar 1823, but remained unacknowledged), session of the Congress, Mexico City [6] | |
| 29 Mar 1823, cessation of executive authority existing since 19 May 1822, resolution of the Congress (decree dated 31 Mar 1823), session of the Congress, Mexico City [7] | |
| 8 Apr 1823, imperial coronation is recognized as being the work of violence and void of right, thus excluding any need to discuss the abdication, resolution of the Congress, session of the Congress, Mexico City [8] | |
| Names/titles: | Original name: Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu |
| Presidente de la Junta Provisional Gubernativa (President of the Provisional Governing Junta) [28 Sep 1821 - 25 Feb 1822]; Presidente de la Regencia del Imperio (President of the Regency of the Empire) [28 Sep 1821 - 21 May 1822] see details |
| Biography: | |
Agustín Iturbide joined the army becoming an officer in the provincial regiment of Valladolid in 1797. His defense of Valladolid against the revolutionary forces of José María Morelos dealt a crushing blow to the insurgents, and for this victory Iturbide was given command of the military district of Guanajuato and Michoacán. In 1816, however, grave charges of extortion and violence caused his removal. In February 1821 Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero signed the Plan de Iguala and created the Ejército Trigarante. In August 1821 Iturbide and the representative of the Spanish king, Juan O'Donojú, signed the Tratado de Córdoba, ending the war and giving Mexico independence. On 28 Sep 1821, Iturbide was elected the president of the Provisional Junta of Government and the Regency exercising the imperial authority; appointed Generalísimo de las Armas del Imperio de mar y tierra (or Generalísimo y Almirante) by the Junta (28 Sep 1821); On the night of the 18 May 1822, a mass demonstration led by the regiment of Celaya, whose commander was Iturbide, marched through the streets and demanded that their commander-in-chief accept the throne. On 19 May 1822 the Sovereign Congress named him the emperor and on 21 May 1822, issued a decree officially confirming this appointment. As the congressional factions sharply criticized the government, Iturbide decided to dissolve the Congress (31 Oct 1822). In Veracruz, the commander of the garrison, Antonio López de Santa Anna, rose against Iturbide and proclaimed a republic (1 Dec 1822). Facing a threat of rebellion, Iturbide issued a decree (4 Mar 1823) ordering the Congress to reassemble (opened sessions 7 Mar 1823) and finally abdicated (19 Mar 1823). He was allowed to leave Mexico City (29 Mar 1823) and sailed to Europe (11 May 1823). In 1824 the Congress, having already declared his administration void, passed a decree declaring him an outlaw and an enemy of the state (28 Apr 1824). Referring to the intrigues of Spain against Mexico in a manifesto issued in London on 13 Feb 1824, Iturbide decided to return to Mexico. When he landed near Soto la Marina, Mexico (15 Jul 1824), he was apprehended on and executed. Biography source: [9] |
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| Sources and notes: | |
| [1] | On 21 May 1822, the Constituent Congress issued a decree announcing that it has chosen as the "Emperador constitucional del imperio mexicano al sr. D. Agustin de Iturbide, primero de este nombre..." The same day, the emperor took the oath as Agustin, por la Divina Providencia y por nombramiento del Congreso de Representantes de la Nación, Emperador de México. Further, the Congress decreed (23 May 1822) that all acts, decrees, communications, etc. from the emperor must be headed Agustín, por la Divina Providencia y por el Congreso de la Nación, primer Emperador constitucional de México. ["Actas constitucionales mexicanas (1821-1824). Tomo II: Actas del congreso constituyente mexicano, volumen I", ed. by José Barragán Barragán (México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1980, first edition: 1822), p. 325]. Later the Congress confirmed this style by ordering to have coins minted with the legend: AUGUSTINUS DEI PROVIDENTIA MEXICI PRIMUS IMPERATOR CONSTITUTIONALIS. |
| [2] | Gaceta Imperial de México, Vol. II, pp. 305-572. |
| [3] | "Actas constitucionales mexicanas (1821-1824). Tomo II", op. cit., pp. 279-302. |
| [4] | "Actas constitucionales mexicanas (1821-1824). Tomo II", op. cit., pp. 308-311. |
| [5] | Gaceta Imperial de México, Vol. II, pp. 533-549. |
| [6] | "Historia del emperador D. Agustín de Iturbide hasta su muerte, y sus consecuencias; y establecimiento de la república popular federal", by Carlos María de Bustamante (México, Imprenta de Cumplido, 1846), pp. 95-117. |
| [7] | "Actas constitucionales mexicanas (1821-1824). Tomo V: Diario de las sesiones del Congreso Constituyente de México", ed. by José Barragán Barragán (México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1980, first edition: 1823), pp. 85-92. |
| [8] | "Actas constitucionales mexicanas (1821-1824). Tomo V", op. cit., pp. 157-228. |
| [9] | "El imperio de Iturbide", by Timothy E. Anna, trad. por Adriana Sandoval (México: CONACULTA, 1990). |
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